On a quiet morning near the Ramaguda forest along the Andhra-Odisha border, an elite anti-Naxal force moved through the dense jungle. Acting on pinpoint intelligence about a high-level meeting of top Naxal leadership, small squads stealthily surrounded the location on foot. When the gunfight broke out, the unit’s tactical discipline and fast response neutralised top insurgent commanders. Illustration by The Geostrata This was the 2016 Ramaguda encounter, one of the most decis

The islands known as the Southern Kurils in Russia and the Northern Territories in Japan have regained importance after Russian President Vladimir Putin’s recent visit to the disputed territory. Russia has also conducted large-scale military exercises around the islands, which have provoked protests from Japan. Illustration by The Geostrata The renewed tensions over the islands come at a time when Russia’s military posture in the region is drawing greater attention from Japan

On 7 August, 2026, the leaders of Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan signed a joint defence agreement in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Titled the Mecca Joint Deterrence Agreement, the pact aims to “strengthen collective deterrence against any act of aggression and stipulates that an armed attack against any of the three would be regarded as an attack on all”, functioning in a similar manner to the collective defense principle enshrined in NATO's Article 5. Illustration by The Geostrat

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are not just an important strategic outpost for India; rather, their position places India close to the sea routes that connect the Bay of Bengal with Southeast Asia, giving the country a strategic position in the Indo-Pacific region. However, the significance of the islands lies not only in where they are located, but in the increasing capability of India to use the islands for its maritime surveillance, operations, and engagements with the ne

On 7 August 2026, Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan signed the Makkah Joint Defence Agreement. Officially, it is described as a defensive pact, an armed attack against one member is considered an attack on the other two. Islamabad has been at equal pains to stress that the accord is not directed against any country in particular. For Pakistan, however, the significance of the pact is more than the language of collective defence. It offers Islamabad a chance to recover some d

Recent reporting from Taipei Times regarding the Chinese People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA) operational planning highlights a fundamental paradigm shift away from traditional, high-attrition amphibious landing models towards systemic urban paralysis, grey-zone coercion and multi-domain encirclement. Illustration by The Geostrata Moving beyond the classic Joint Island Landing Campaign, PLA strategists are actively refining an operational framework termed “All-Domain Megacity Inc

“We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow.” In the case of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Türkiye and a number of other Gulf states and even NATO, abrasive US policies threaten to shake these eternal interests and inflict collateral damage. Illustration by The Geostrata Signed in Mecca on 7 August 2026, the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement brings Saudi Arabia, Türkiye and Pakistan

The signing of the Mecca Joint Defence Agreement by Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan on August 7, 2026, has generated significant sensationalism. Commentators have labelled it an "Islamic NATO," pointing to its collective defence clause modelled on NATO's Article 5. However, rigorous strategic analysis requires moving past declarative intents to examine the material, geographical, and industrial realities governing the signatories. Illustration by The Geostrata Rather than

Geography has always governed geopolitical strategy, the height of mountain ranges, the depth of maritime chokepoints, and the width of sovereign borders. But as the global security landscape evolves toward a permanent existence in the grey zone, fueled by artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, and constant information flows, there is a new, invisible theatre of war: the human circadian rhythm. Illustration by The Geostrata Historically, conflict was observed at night.

WAS THE CEASEFIRE DESIGNED TO STOP THE WAR? The framing that the US and Iran are “still fighting” despite the Islamabad MOU contains an assumption that contains more than meets the eye. The assumption that the ceasefire was designed to stop the war is largely contradictory; it was designed to manage the war’s tempo while each side pursued objectives that were, to begin with, reconcilable at the negotiating table. Eleven days after Trump and Pezeshkian signed remotely from Ve

FROM THE MCMOHAN LINE TO MODERN CLAIMS: THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF THE DISPUTE India's neighbourhood is marked by complex geopolitical realities, with both Pakistan and China posing distinct challenges to its security, diplomacy, and regional interests. The India-Pakistan relations are clearly adversarial in nature. In addition to cross-border terrorism, Pakistan uses a number of other asymmetric methods, such as narcoterrorism, disinformation campaigns, diplomatic hindrances, a

The most momentous trade route in Asia is not marked on any state cartography. It does not feature in economic surveys, permeate in infrastructure summits or govern headlines like nautical bottlenecks and energy corridors. Despite this, it traverses some of the continent's geopolitically charged, vulnerable terrain from the hinterlands of Afghanistan and the deserts of Iran to the untamed highlands of Myanmar and the turbulent borderlands of Northeast India. Its freight is ne

Contemporary India’s strategic environment is like the Chakravyuh from the Mahabharat. The Chakravyuh was a military formation, and it had multiple layers to not only attack but also isolate the opponent from all sides. Abhimanyu knew how to enter it but not how to exit. The present situation of India is similar to that of Abhimanyu’s. Illustration by The Geostrata The layers of the Chakravyuh are a strong analogy to the present layers of encirclement faced by India. The fir

Nobody voted for Palantir to run immigration enforcement. Nobody elected the NSO Group to decide which migrants get surveilled. And nobody asked Clearview AI to scrape over 60 billion publicly available images into a facial recognition database and then license it to immigration investigators operating in contexts where algorithmic error has no formal accountability mechanism. Illustration by The Geostrata Yet here we are. Across the United States, the European Union, and a g

In Tolkien's novel The Lord of the Rings, there exists a handful of crystal orbs that possess immense powers. These orbs allowed their possessor to communicate across vast distances and view events that were occurring anywhere in Middle-earth. But one of the orbs was later obtained by the series’ main antagonist to conquer the entire Middle-earth. Tolkien named these orbs Palantíri (seeing stones). This influenced four young men to brand their tech company, which would later

Recently leaked Pakistani military reports revealed some shocking facts. As per the reports, Pakistan is seeking to fulfil its dream of building nuclear missiles beneath the sea as well as building nuclear submarines and requested China’s assistance in 2024, which China outright rejected. To entice China, Pakistan offered it extensive access to its Gwadar port, but China still refused. Illustration by The Geostrata This move by China clearly shows that, regardless of being al

Fentanyl is frequently called the border crisis between the United States and Mexico, but the forces keeping it alive come from much earlier in the production chain. Synthetic opioids are made through chemical reactions that require precursors, which are then sold across the border areas in legitimate commercial networks. The scale of the crisis reflects the durability of those upstream supply structures rather than episodic trafficking events. Illustration by The Geostrata I

On April 23, 2026, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) commemorated the 77th founding anniversary of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), celebrating nearly eight decades of technological innovation and strategic reach that have defined its naval history since 1949. In the late 1970s, Deng Xiaoping’s reforms transformed China’s coast into an export- driven economic engine, making maritime security vital for national survival. Illustration by The Geostrata Following the

The Indo-Pacific region has emerged as the world’s new centre of gravity. Hosting nearly half of the world’s population and nearly two-thirds of the world's economy, the region’s stability is now synonymous with global prosperity. For decades, the Pacific region was seen primarily as a zone of economic cooperation, but it has now emerged as a critical theater for great power rivalry. Intensifying competition between the United States and China has transformed the region into

The Pacific Ocean is the Earth’s largest and deepest ocean, covering one-third of the Earth’s surface, housing the most varied array of algae & animals, and navigating trillions of dollars in trade annually. Yet, out of all the activities that take place here, the most interesting might just be the ongoing recalibration of power, as one pacifist nation’s actions quietly start a new era. Japan, in the legacy of WW2, is a war-renouncing nation. Illustration by The Geostrata Th