Strategic deterrence in the modern era has advanced well beyond single-warhead missiles. Today, nations rely on technologies that ensure credible retaliation, increase survivability, and complicate interception. The Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle (MIRV) technology is particularly important among these developments. One missile with MIRV capability can launch multiple warheads, each directed toward a distinct target. Illustration by The Geostrata A "bus" or

As the EU implements strict anti-deforestation regulations, exporters worldwide now have to prove the sustainability of their supply chains. With the majority of India’s coffee sector relying on EU exports, it must find ways to comply with regulations while protecting the livelihoods of small growers and holding onto market share, as well as aligning with international environmental standards. Illustration by The Geostrata UNDERSTANDING THE EU DEFORESTATION REGULATION (EUDR)

The world is heading into a future where the demand for energy is climbing faster than ever. By 2040, the global population is expected to exceed 9 billion, and fuel consumption could rise by more than half. Growing dependence on conventional energy sources has raised real concerns about sustainability and the risk of a deepening energy crisis. Illustration by The Geostrata In the midst of unstable markets, changing tariffs, and uncertain supply chains, India, the world’s mos

In an ever-evolving, unpredictable world order, a moderate, realistic and flexible country has several opportunities to shape and influence it. It has been observed that opportunities in the international system do not wait for long. There is no true democracy in the global arena. Illustration by The Geostrata A middle-income country like India, which does not hold commanding formal positions at the high tables of bodies like the UN, must try to take the initiative in fields

With the advancement of technology, the global retail sector has undergone a profound shift in the last two decades, defined by the rise of e-commerce. Once seen as a rival threatening the survival of retail businesses, e-commerce has now become a catalyst for transformation. On the one hand, e-commerce has changed consumer behaviour by making it more convenient. Illustration by The Geostrata On the other hand, it has compelled retailers to restructure their strategies to sus

The legitimacy of Jammu and Kashmir as a part of India is established in law and history, constitutional practice, and not merely a political accident. That is to say, Jammu and Kashmir has a legitimate legal basis, as a result of the Instrument of Accession, the Indian Independence Act of 1947, and the subsequent constitutional integration into the Republic of India. Illustration by The Geostrata THE LEGAL BASIS: THE INSTRUMENT OF ACCESSION On October 26, 1947 , Maharaja Ha

Migration and asylum have significantly influenced India's history, shaping its demographic and socio-political landscape. India’s approach, as a nation that has witnessed some of the largest migrations in history, has been shaped by a complex interaction of historical legacies, security imperatives, and humanitarian commitments. Illustration by The Geostrata India has traditionally adopted a pragmatic approach, providing refuge to persecuted groups like Tibetans and Sri Lank

From a toothbrush to a laptop, everything we need now arrives in under 30 minutes, driven by the engines of our gig economy, its workers. However, beneath all that facade, the paradox stares right back at us when these very convenience providers are today battling for basic protection and labour rights. Illustration by The Geostrata According to Niti Aayog, India had 7.7 million workers  in 2020-21, a number projected to further soar to  23.5 million workers by 2029-30. With

While for some the battle begins when the whistle blows, for others it's all at home. India, a country home to hundreds of millions of women, often goes underrepresented in female categories across international sports. This draws quick criticism, with commentators and policymakers frequently citing inadequate facilities, funding, or a lack of interest as the primary reasons to blame. Illustration by The Geostrata Rarely does anyone address the rigorously implemented gender n

India’s energy diplomacy drives its transition towards a more sustainable and secure energy future. As global energy demands rise and environmental concerns intensify, India is leveraging international partnerships, innovative technologies, and policy reforms to position itself as a leader in renewable energy. Cover by The Geostrata The nation’s approach focuses on fostering global collaboration, advancing technological development, and enhancing domestic capacity to achieve

The culture we consume is the culture we create. Childhood, the very formative stage of an individual’s life, is often symbolised by the moulding of a pot. Too much water, or too much heat, and the vessel breaks. Childhood, too, works on a very similar balance of nurturing and protection.  However, as we transition into the age of digitalisation, with the hands that once held playbooks now being replaced with mobiles, a haunting reality of the generation in the making stares

Sometimes, one decision can alter the entire course of destiny. For Jammu and Kashmir, that decision came on 26 October 1947. On this day, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state, signed the Instrument of Accession, choosing to join India that is Bharat, Kashmir’s home, its own civilisation. Illustration by The Geostrata The decision was made during immense external aggression at the hands of Pakistan. Within days of independence, Pakistan activated Operation Gul

In the 21st century, the world has entered a period of dramatic change in global climate dynamics. With an expanding climate crisis, unprecedented temperatures, and evolving geopolitical alignments, India, home to approximately 1.4 billion people  and a rapidly developing economy , finds itself at a momentous crossroad. Illustration by The Geostrata On the international stage, India’s approach combines its domestic policies with active participation and strategic partnership

The idea of "soft power," introduced by American political scientist Joseph Nye, is extensively applied in contemporary international relations. This strategy enables nations to advance their interests without having to utilise military force. Soft power, as it is understood today, gained prominence after the Cold War, when the United States became the sole superpower. Illustration by The Geostrata The “unipolar moment” that the U.S. experienced after the fall of the Soviet U

A lustrous metal that has witnessed history from ancient Bharat to modern-day Viksit Bharat, from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the artificial intelligence era, gold has served as a means of family inheritance, pride, and a reliable economic asset. Illustration by The Geostrata Its nature of scarcity makes it precious, and its ability to act as a safety valve for central banks worldwide makes it unique among other metals. In the Indian economy, this lustrous metal is more

The H-1B visa program started with the Immigration Act of 1990. This law created a type of visa that lets U.S. companies hire foreign workers in jobs that need at least a college degree or something similar in areas like science, technology, engineering, and math. At first, there was a limit of 65,000 visas each year. The goal was to fill gaps in skilled workers needed in the American job market. Illustration by The Geostrata Over time, most of the H-1B visas went to people f

The Indian growth story has long been an attractive prospect for foreign capital. However, in recent years, the high value exits of global investors have raised pressing concerns about the sustainability of India’s investment climate. Illustration by The Geostrata A mix of internal and external factors has negatively affected investor confidence, despite the country’s solid macroeconomic fundamentals. Chief among the concerns of the investment community are valuation pressure

India is on the path to becoming a developed nation in the coming decades. However, the overall pattern of national development takes a new twist in line with the restricted number of women in the workforce to date. Illustration by The Geostrata Instead of being a peripheral women's problem of fewer women's workforce participation, it is an economic challenge that must be addressed to ensure the nation’s growth, competitiveness, and long-term sustainability. Relatively low by

Despite its active democratic participation and aspirations for a high-growth economy, India can't escape from one serious problem at the heart of its administrative set-up; in short, the Government of India has an administrative bureaucracy that needs radical change. The bureaucratic "steel frame"  of India has been relied on for continuity and stability since independence, helping to maintain law and order and contributing in some part to holding the country together. Illus

Perched on the edge of paradise, India's hill stations are collapsing under the weight of their own popularity. What was once an escape from the chaos is now ground zero for an unfolding ecological disaster. Illustration by The Geostrata The hill stations in India, which were once peaceful havens, are now being heavily burdened by both permanent and transient populations. This article examines the carrying capacity in terms of ecological, infrastructural, and socio-economic a