Over the course of history, as regions began to reflect individual power, warfare became inevitable. It became an accepted reality for society and a governing principle for the state. Across successive eras, warfare became synonymous with a kingdom's might, and adapting to new tactics became a timeless pattern. Illustration by The Geostrata As Chanakya cited in the Arthashastra, “He shall act as occasion demands.” India has diligently followed this principle throughout its t

In a significant push towards gender-equitable caregiving, the Supreme Court of India has directed the Parliament to frame a comprehensive law on paternity leave as a part of the social security benefit scheme that aims to protect a father's income, employment, and family well-being when he takes time off from work after the birth of or adoption of his child. This comes in the course of hearing a petition that was seeking maternity leave in case of adoption and opened up a la

The Frontier Nagaland Territorial Authority (FNTA) is an important step in India's demand redressal and grievance settlement system, in which demands are fulfilled without any harm caused to the national integrity. The FNTA is a carefully curated response to decades-long calls from Eastern Nagaland People’s Organisation (ENPO) for more political recognition and developmental justice in eastern Nagaland. Illustration by The Geostrata It came about after talks between the Un

Embedded in our history, scriptures, and sciences, the transgender community has made an indelible mark on what we proudly deem to be our culture. Composed of Hijras , eunuchs, Kothis, Aravanis, Jogappas, Shiv-Shakthis etc, the community finds its roots tracing back to the Vedas, Puranas, and other significant oral and written traditions like the Ramayana. Illustration by The Geostrata The community is often referred to as ‘napunsaka,’ which means someone with the inability

Once upon a time, the sounds of our everyday lives included the hum of the espresso machine, the soft rustle of pages being turned, and the far-off cries from a playground. They were the gentle invitations to step out of our private worlds and into a shared one, a space where fleeting smiles with strangers or impromptu conversations with familiar faces fostered a sense of belonging. Illustration by The Geostrata However, a sea of glowing screens and noise-cancelling headphone

Every year, millions of Muslims gather in Mecca for a spiritual journey of Hajj and Umrah , which is one of the largest and most influential pilgrimages. Geopolitically, religious pilgrimages have shaped civilisations and cultural connections. Hajj and umrah, along with spiritual essence, are tools of soft power for Saudi Arabia and not just an administrative responsibility. Illustration by The Geostrata Hajj is one of the 5 pillars of Islam and is a mandatory act once in

In 1979, by the time many democracies were maturing from their infancy stage, Iran still had one major task unfinished: to overthrow a king and reinvent its identity. Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers toppled the Pahlavi monarchy and established the Islamic Republic of Iran, an experiment in theocratic governance that fused religious clerics with absolute political power. Illustration by The Geostrata What began as a wave of “neither East nor West, only Islam” id

Global heritage recognition has been regarded as an unquestionable honour for many years. The highest level of protection for a cultural site or tradition is thought to be a UNESCO designation, an international award, or widespread media coverage. Acknowledgement is celebrated as a combination of pride, validation, and preservation. Beneath this joyous story, however, is a more subdued and unsettling reality: rather than protecting heritage, global recognition frequently puts

What were once exclusively stopover areas to wait for a few hours are now evolving into micro-cities, where, during layovers, the experience can be a visit and a meeting place on the way to an onward journey. For decades, airports have been places to connect, move, and stay up to date with progress. However, the function of the airport is changing. An airport was an infrastructure that acted primarily as a way to efficiently move a passenger through security, to the gate, an

Southeast Asia’s geopolitics and cultural diplomacy have become essential tools in the 21st century for establishing relationships that go beyond political strategies and economic interests. The relationship between China, India, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is the best example to understand the point of culture in International Relations. Illustration by The Geostrata Southeast Asia has been considered where East and West civilisations met, India an

Power is rarely exercised in isolation; it goes beyond laws and policies and into the realm of persuasion and perception. Authority ultimately remains in the hands of the leader and their ability to evoke, persuade and mobilise collective imagination. Illustration by The Geostrata Long before the advent of social media, politics unfolded on streets and marketplaces where the audience was not just passive observers but active members in shaping a narrative and leading to a rev

Languages are disappearing around the world at an unprecedented pace. UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (2023) estimates that a language dies roughly every two weeks, a quiet death that erases an entire way of viewing and understanding the world. Each time a language dies, we lose more than just the words; we lose a cultural universe of myths, songs, humour, and history. Illustration by The Geostrata In India, a country with what is usually described as lin

India-Pakistan relations, marred by historical rivalry, extend beyond the creation of the Radcliffe Line. The roots lie far deeper, predating the partition by almost a century. The Two-Nation theory, often regarded as the ideological framework that stemmed from the idea of a separate nation, with Mohammad Ali Jinnah as its key proponent, has a civilisational history of a series of movements that contributed to institutionalising the concept of Pakistan.

History adorns itself with its oldest habit- hierarchy, and inequality, its most faithful shadow. One thing that remains constant with every civilisation, religion, and government is power imbalance, and whenever such imbalances strutted around too confidently, satire has emerged with sharpened words as a humbling weapon. Illustration by The Geostrata Particularly in the Indian context, where social, religious, and political stratification have long shaped the public imaginat

While for some the battle begins when the whistle blows, for others it's all at home. India, a country home to hundreds of millions of women, often goes underrepresented in female categories across international sports. This draws quick criticism, with commentators and policymakers frequently citing inadequate facilities, funding, or a lack of interest as the primary reasons to blame. Illustration by The Geostrata Rarely does anyone address the rigorously implemented gender n

The evocative music of a handloom is not merely the sound of weaving, it is a sound of civilisation. The delicate slide of natural cotton, the earthly scent of natural indigo dye, and the careful folding of a silk saree reserved across generations are more than fleeting moments. Illustration by The Geostrata They are fragments of a narrative that has been going on for the past 5,000 years: each of India, each of its unmeasured fabric, crafted by hand and entwined with soul. T

The idea of "soft power," introduced by American political scientist Joseph Nye, is extensively applied in contemporary international relations. This strategy enables nations to advance their interests without having to utilise military force. Soft power, as it is understood today, gained prominence after the Cold War, when the United States became the sole superpower. Illustration by The Geostrata The “unipolar moment” that the U.S. experienced after the fall of the Soviet U

Folk music is a kind of traditional, often rural music that represents the cultural heartbeat of India. Anchored in oral traditions expressing the everyday struggles of human beings, folk music differs from other forms of music, like classical music, by being more rooted to the cultural realities of the rural population and the marginalised sections of society. Illustration by The Geostrata In India, folk music is a tool of cultural identifiers of a diverse region. From the

A lustrous metal that has witnessed history from ancient Bharat to modern-day Viksit Bharat, from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the artificial intelligence era, gold has served as a means of family inheritance, pride, and a reliable economic asset. Illustration by The Geostrata Its nature of scarcity makes it precious, and its ability to act as a safety valve for central banks worldwide makes it unique among other metals. In the Indian economy, this lustrous metal is more

The analysis of psychological profiling of world leaders, or for that matter, any individual, cannot be fulfilled without mentioning ‘The Father of Psychology’, Sigmund Freud. In 1932, in a letter from Albert Einstein to Sigmund Freud, under the title “Why War?” Einstein asked several crucial questions pertaining to the present world stratum. Illustration by The Geostrata One of them is “ Is it possible to control man's mental evolution to make him proof against the psychos